Hola a todos,
en este post encontrarán los slides y el .pdf de la última unidad de la materia.
Como siempre, cualquier consulta contáctennos.
Juanma
Varias veces repetimos esto tanto en F1 como en F2. La valuación de una compañía no solo que no es una ciencia exacta y por eso diverge en sus resultados, sino que cada potencial comprador le asigna un valor dada la estrategia futura que decida implementar en la compañía en cuestiones desde meramente operativas hasta financiera.
Hoy salió un artículo muy interesante en el Cronista (y despues en varios diarios más) sobre las divergencias entre la valuación de YPF. Divergencias entre “la valuación interna” y la “valuación externa”.
Les transcribo algunos párrafos, creo que es un caso típico para el tema derivado del título. Gracias Ale Carrera!
Repsol rechaza valoración del paquete accionario de YPF
Repsol salió hoy a negar que el 45% del paquete accionario que la compañía espera colocar en agosto en la bolsa y mediante la búsqueda de un socio local este valuada en los u$s 10.000 millones.
En un comunicado, la petrolera aseguró que la cifra “no se corresponde en absoluto“, con las estimaciones preliminares realizadas hasta el momento por la compañía.
“Ante las informaciones aparecidas hoy en los medios de comunicación sobre una supuesta valoración de YPF, relacionada con la operación de venta de un paquete minoritario de dicha compañía a accionistas argentinos, Repsol YPF desea aclarar que dicha valoración no se corresponde, en absoluto, con las estimaciones preliminares realizadas hasta el momento“, señala el documento
Hoy en la primer clase de valuación de empresas del curso de F2 hablamos de que una de las razones por las cuales una compañía decide encarar la compra o fusión de otra es para averiguar más sobre los negocios en los que se encuentra para
Esto muchas veces se engloba dentro de lo que se denomina “asimetría de la info”, y básicamente es lo que se llama en la jerga “pagar por ver”.
Esto es muy común en varias industrias. Generalmente una empresa grande y establecida prefiere pagar este costo antes que enfrentar mañana una posible comepetencia que no pueda rápidamente contener (al no entender el negocio, patente, secreto, etc). Existen ejemplos varios, los más tradicionales son Coca-Cola en otras épocas y mucho más reciente y en muchas oportunidades: Microsoft.
Muchas cosas se reflejan no solo en los libros de texto y en los diarios especializados sino en cosas mucho más mundanas y divertidas. Y sino me creen, les propongo recordar el glorioso “Comprenlo muchachos”
Si lo piensan por otro lado es bastante similar a comprar un call: se hace una inversión inicial para la compra de la compañía (pago de la prima) y cuanto más útil sea la información encontrada, ya sea para desarrollar nuevos productos/mercados como también para evitar mermas de ingresos por nueva competencia mayor será el payoff de la “opción” comprada.
Ahora, para valuar esta compañía a ser comprada lo ideal es mezclar la metodología basada en el flujo de fondos descontado con la valuación de opciones: eso es lo que da lugar a lo que se conoce como Real Options (opciones reales) tema que nos va a ocupar pronto tanto en clase como en el blog.
Y ya que seguimos con las citas a Homero, el verdadero gurú de las finanzas, les recomiendo prestar atención al análisis financiero que hace el gurú (vayan al 1:40 minuto o si esta en cuenta regresiva cuando falte 0:55 minutos) y fíjense como valuar en forma alternativa una opción.
Hoy se dio a conocer la confirmación que Microsoft (http://www.microsoft.com/en/us/default.aspx) entra de lleno en el negocio de la publicidad Online, a través de la compra de aQuantive (http://www.aquantive.com/). El desembolso es nada menos que 6.000 BU$S Cash. Seguramente ahora recordarán la cantidad de veces que dijimos porque las empresas de IT, Internet, etc., ponderan enormemente el hecho de mantener la liquidez y su flexibilidad en todo momento, para justamente tener ese margen de acción en oportunidades como esta.
El NY Times aborda la nota comentando que es la mayor adquisición que realiza MSFT en su historia (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/19/business/media/19soft-web.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin), y que esta compra los ¨pone en el juego¨, algo que desde adentro de la empresa nunca dudaron que harían. El monto ofrecido es de 60 U$S por acción, un 85% más de lo que vale hoy.
El comportamiento de la acción de MSFT en el día fue similar al observado cuando se rumorearon los sondeos que estaría haciendo MSFT para comprar Yahoo: hasta el momento, faltando una hora para el cierre de la NYSE, desciende aprox 1%.
De la mano de J.P. Morgan y Merrill Lynch & Co como underwriters, MercadoLibre Inc. (MercadoLibre.com), empresa en la cual E-Bay (EBAY) es accionista, comenzó el viernes pasado su proceso de IPO en el NASDAQ con miras a levantar hasta US$ 100 millones.
Comparto la siguiente nota que publicó DowJones en la que se plantea un muy interesante explicación de por qué empresas como Edenor y MercadoLibre.com (en breve MELI) deciden llevar su IPO a los Estados Unidos.
Taking advantage of strengthening market conditions for initial public offerings, Argentine online auction platform MercadoLibre Inc. announced last week its intention to raise $100 million through an offer of common shares on the Nasdaq stock exchange.
The MercadoLibre IPO follows that of Argentine power distributor Edenor SA (EDN), which went public in New York and Buenos Aires last month, and is part of a trend that has seen 69 companies go public so far this year in the U.S.
MercadoLibre’s IPO plans reflect international investor appetite for emerging market equities amid high liquidity and low interest rates. Yet its Wall Street- only listing strategy also shows the limits of the anemic local market.
“Argentine companies prefer to go public abroad because the Buenos Aires stock exchange lacks liquidity,” said Ruben Pascuali, a trader with Mayoral Bursatil, a brokerage in Buenos Aires.
Indeed, the average daily trading volumes on Argentina’s Merval market range between $20 million and $30 million.
This explains why Edenor offered 38% of its share capital in New York and a mere 10% in Buenos Aires in what was the first important initial public offering since 2000, analysts say.
The Argentine market wouldn’t have had the resources needed to carry an IPO the size of Edenor’s, which raised about $330 million and gave the company a market value of $770 million, Pascuali said.
“Furthermore, Argentine investors prefer to buy shares abroad as they still keep most of their savings outside of the country,” he said.
Nasdaq: A Natural Market For eBay’s Latin America Partner
Against this backdrop, and given MercadoLibre’s partnership with U.S. e-commerce giant eBay (EBAY), analysts say the Nasdaq represents a natural choice for MercadoLibre’s market debut.
In 2001, eBay became the Argentine startup’s major shareholder, with a 19.5% stake in a deal that saw MercadoLibre taking over eBay’s Brazilian unit, Ibazar.
By then, the company, which was founded in 1999 by Marcos Galperin, an Argentine graduate of Stanford University, had already been through two fundraising rounds. It had snagged as much as $54.1 million from a group of investors including JPMorgan Partners, Goldman Sachs (GS), GE Equity and Banco Santander Central Hispano (STD).
In its IPO prospectus, MercadoLibre said the agreement governing its strategic alliance with eBay expired on Sept. 24, posing the risk that eBay might become a competitor.
But the U.S.-based IPO appears to come with eBay’s full support, suggesting the U.S. company might not enter the Latin American market on its own.
“As a minority stakeholder and strategic partner of MercadoLibre, we are very excited and supportive of their IPO,” said eBay spokesman Hani Durzy. “eBay looks forward to continuing its relationship as a stakeholder and partner in the near future.”
Indeed, analysts believe eBay might actually use the IPO to increase its stake in MercadoLibre.
“Such an eBay move would make a lot of sense and would increase MercadoLibre’s market appeal,” said Francis Gaskins, president of Los Angeles-based research site IPOdesktop.com.
MercadoLibre said in its prospectus that it will use the IPO’s proceeds to repay eBay for an outstanding $9.1 million loan and to fund further expansion, including some acquisitions.
MercadoLibre has established a presence far outside of Argentina, reaching clients across South and Central America.
In 2006, its sales grew 84% to $52.1 million, with $1.1 million net profit. This was almost half of the $2.4 million it reported in the same period a year earlier, due to a fading tax credit. Operating income increased to $5.4 million from $800,000 the year earlier.
With these results, MercadoLibre is poised to have a successful IPO, said IPOdesktop’s Gaskins.
“It generates profit and top revenue growth and it’s a leader of its own market segment,” he said. “With these characteristics, the company is better off…going public in the U.S., where there’s more liquidity.”
Alejandro Salevsky Ezequiel Calviño Condensador de Flujo UCA Finanzas II MercadoLibre com Edenor IPO
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Siguiendo con el análisis de la entrada de Telefónica en Telecom Italia planteada en Los M&A y las industrias turbulentas, Yo soy tu dueño, tu eres mi controlante y un silogismo motivo de la nueva economía e Y Sigue siguiendo la subasta… hoy salió info sobre algunas particularidades del acuerdo de accionistas entre Telefónica y Telecom italia.
Al que le interese le recomiendo el artículo pero igual les transcribo algunas ideas sobre el acuerdo que me parecen interesantes
Algunas ideas:
Son muchas cosas. Comparto totalmente las críticas pero me parece una lectura parcializada de la noticia. Esta misma lectura la puede hacer cualquiera dentro de las dos compañías y sin embargo el deal se va a hacer.
Estan pasando de lado los beneficios de dicha fusión, los cuales, a priori los vería por
Todavía esta en movimiento, va a haber más noticias seguro. Por lo pronto, Argentina sería justamente uno de los ejemplos en los cuales podría saltar “el regulador” por cuestiones de competencia dado que el pliego de licitación de la privatización de los teléfono exigía dos compañías distintas.
Alejandro Salevsky Ezequiel Calviño Telefonica Telecom

Finalmente quedó confirmado el rumor, Reuters y Thomson están en negociaciones para realizar una fusión. Esto salió publicado hoy al respecto de este tema y contribuye a aclarar el escenario futuro.
The boards of The Thomson Corporation (“Thomson”) and Reuters Group PLC (“Reuters”) confirm that they are in discussions for the combination of their two businesses. Both boards believe there is a powerful and compelling logic for the combination which would create a global leader in the business-to-business information markets. This transaction would also create enhanced value for shareholders through the delivery of in excess of US$500 million of annual synergies expected to be achieved within three years. The market activity from last Friday and attendant speculation occurred prior to discussions being completed and, as this is a large and complex transaction, much has still to be resolved and there can be no assurance that agreement will be reached.
Under these circumstances, both boards thought that it was in the shareholders’ interests to clarify the status of the discussions as they related to a number of the material aspects of the potential transaction. These are as follows:
The enlarged Group would be called Thomson-Reuters and the combined Thomson Financial unit and Reuters financial and media businesses would be called Reuters.
Key proposed terms:
Thomson President and CEO, Richard J. Harrington, 60, who led the transformation of the company from traditional publishing to electronic solutions, software and services, would retire at the successful completion of the transaction. Reuters CEO, Tom Glocer, 47, would become CEO of the combined company at that time.
It should be emphasised that discussions are at a stage where there can be no assurance that agreement will be reached. No transaction will be announced without the support of the Reuters Founders Share Company. This is a non-waivable pre-condition. Any announcement of a transaction pursuant to rule 2.5 of the Takeover Code would be subject to conditions including antitrust, regulatory and tax clearances and would require approval by both companies’ shareholders (including amendments to both companies’ constitutions).
A further announcement will be made in due course.
The Directors of each of Thomson and Reuters accept responsibility for the information contained in this document. To the best of the knowledge and belief of the respective Directors (who have taken all reasonable care to ensure that such is the case), the information contained in this document is in accordance with the facts and does not omit anything likely to affect the import of such information.
Dealing Disclosure Requirements
Under the provisions of Rule 8.3 of the Takeover Code (the ‘Code’), if any person is, or becomes, ‘interested’ (directly or indirectly) in 1% or more of any class of ‘relevant securities’ of Thomson or of Reuters, all ‘dealings’ in any ‘relevant securities’ of that company (including by means of an option in respect of, or a derivative referenced to, any such ‘relevant securities’) must be publicly disclosed by no later than 3.30 pm (London time) on the London business day following the date of the relevant transaction. This requirement will continue until the date on which the offer becomes, or is declared, unconditional as to acceptances, lapses or is otherwise withdrawn or on which the ‘offer period’ otherwise ends. If two or more persons act together pursuant to an agreement or understanding, whether formal or informal, to acquire an ‘interest’ in ‘relevant securities’ of Thomson or Reuters, they will be deemed to be a single person for the purpose of Rule 8.3.
Under the provisions of Rule 8.1 of the Code, all ‘dealings’ in ‘relevant securities’ of Thomson or Reuters by Thomson or Reuters, or by any of their respective ‘associates’, must be disclosed by no later than 12.00 noon (London time) on the London business day following the date of the relevant transaction.
A disclosure table, giving details of the companies in whose ‘relevant securities’ ‘dealings’ should be disclosed, and the number of such securities in issue, can be found on the Takeover Panel’s website.
‘Interests in securities’ arise, in summary, when a person has long economic exposure, whether conditional or absolute, to changes in the price of securities. In particular, a person will be treated as having an ‘interest’ by virtue of the ownership or control of securities, or by virtue of any option in respect of, or derivative referenced to, securities.
Terms in quotation marks are defined in the Code, which can also be found on the Panel’s website. If you are in any doubt as to whether or not you are required to disclose a ‘dealing’ under Rule 8, you should consult the Panel.
Alejandro Salevsky Ezequiel Calviño Condensador de Flujo UCA Finanzas II Reuters Thomson
El mercado de capitales ayer no sólo se vio impactado por la noticia sobre las conversaciones entre Yahoo! y Microsoft para un potencial takeover, sobre la que JuanMa y Ale ya han posteado sus comentarios, sino también por el potencial friendly takeover que aparentemente la empresa canadiense Thomson Corporation realizaría sobre Reuters, compañía especializda en la provisión de información y análisis financieros así como también de noticias para medios periodístico (por lo que estuve viendo, Reuters factura unos 2,6 Bl de libras anuales de los cuales, dos tercios son generados por las ventas de terminales a bancos, traders e instituciones financieras).
Como se ve en el siguiente gráfico, la noticia disparó ayer la cotización de la acción de Reuters, que se opera en la Bolsa de Londres, más de un 25%, pero no así el precio de la acción de Thomson Corporation, que cerró en la rueda de ayer en el Toronto Stock Exchange con un ligero retroceso de 34 centavos, cayó a C$ 48,12.
La empresa de noticias Bloomberg, competidora de ambas, decía hoy respecto de la operación:
Thomson would gain a global news service and expand its products beyond the Westlaw database, TradeWeb bond-trading network and First Call earnings estimates. Reuters would vault Thomson’s share of the financial data market to 34 percent from 11 percent, compared with Bloomberg’s 33 percent, based on 2006 statistics from Inside Market Data, an industry researcher.
Es decir, a pesar del importante crecimiento de market share que conseguiría Thomson en caso de adquirir Reuters, los inversores a priori, no estarían atribuyendole valor a la operación de compra.
¿Por qué los mercados reaccionaron positivamente respecto de la acción de Reuters y en forma negativa con Thomson?
Alejandro Salevsky Ezequiel Calviño Condensador de Flujo UCA Finanzas II Reuters Thomson takeover
By Daniel Pimlott and James Politi in
New YorkMicrosoft is in early stage talks with Yahoo with a view to a possible takeover in a move that would allow the software giant to compete more effectively with Google for online advertising, according to people familiar with the matter.Yahoo shares were up 18 per cent in early trading at $33.29, while Microsoft shares were down 1 per cent at $30.66.Last year Yahoo turned down an offer from Microsoft to buy a stake in Yahoo’s search business. Terry Semel, chief executive of Yahoo, said discussions about the software group acquiring his company had not taken place.News of merger talks, first reported in the New York Post, may indicate the lengths that internet companies are going to as they seek to mount a challenge in the lucrative search business dominated by Google.Microsoft is working with Goldman Sachs on a possible deal, the newspaper said, citing an unnamed banking source. Yahoo is considered an obvious target for Microsoft, as a takeover would massively cut Google’s lead in internet search.A deal would practically triple Microsoft’s share of the US search market to 38.4 per cent, compared with Google‘s 48.3 per cent share, according to ComScore figures.Based on Thursday’s closing stock price, Yahoo has a market value of $38.2bn. Wall Street analysts consider the company to be worth as much as $50bn, the New York Post said.Yahoo would also bring a leading market position in display advertising and, added to Microsoft’s existing operations, help create a massive e-mail and instant messaging user base.But Yahoo faces problems because it has not delivered enough search advertising revenue from its army of users. Its shares fell 35 per cent in 2006.Google has in recent months gone on a spending spree, buying YouTube, the video sharing website, for $1.6bn, and winning a bidding war against Yahoo and Microsoft for DoubleClick, paying $3.1bn for the online display advertising company.Yahoo has also been seeking to bump up its dealmaking outside its core search advertising business. Last week it agreed to pay $680m for the 80 per cent it does not own of Right Media, which operates an online advertising exchange, in a deal aimed at hitting back against Google’s growing dominance of the online advertising services business.Microsoft has complained that the acquisition of DoubleClick would give Google almost monopolistic powers in search advertising online, with the power to dictate terms to online publishers and service providers.However, any Microsoft/Yahoo merger would probably attract the attention of anti-trust regulators.The merger speculation comes shortly after the exit of Christopher Payne, who led Microsoft’s efforts to compete with Google and Yahoo in internet search.